山区地基设计探讨

通过对山区地基的综合分析,介绍了山区地基设计的主要内容,并分析了地基设计中常见问题的应对措施,指出挡土墙设计是影响地基稳定性设计的重要内容,对减少工程隐患,避免工程质量问题的发生以及延长工程的使用寿命具有重要意义。     

水泥稳定炉渣碎石的强度性能

以生活垃圾焚烧炉渣集料替代部分天然集料制备水泥稳定炉渣碎石试件,然后通过无侧限抗压强度试验和劈裂试验测试试件的强度性能,分析了炉渣集料熟化时间及粒径、混合料养生龄期和养生温度、水泥用量对水泥稳定炉渣碎石强度性能的影响,并比较了水泥稳定炉渣碎石强度性能与水泥稳定碎石的差异.结果表明：炉渣集料压碎值随其熟化时间的延长而降低,水泥稳定炉渣碎石7d无侧限抗压强度随炉渣集料熟化时间的延长而提高;掺熟化30d炉渣集料(0～95mm)的水泥稳定炉渣碎石7d无侧限抗压强度达到40MPa;炉渣集料粒径越大,水泥稳定炉渣碎石7d无侧限抗压强度越低;水泥稳定炉渣碎石养生龄期越长、水泥用量越大、养生温度越高,其无侧限抗压强度和劈裂强度越高.     

Use of slow filtration columns to assess oxygen respiration, consumption of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen transformations, and microbial parameters in hyporheic sediments

Biogeochemical processes mediated by microorganisms in river sediments (hyporheic sediments) play a key role in river metabolism. Because biogeochemical reactions in the hyporheic zone are often limited to the top few decimetres of sediments below the water-sediment interface, slow filtration columns were used in the present study to quantify biogeochemical processes (uptakes of O2, DOC, and nitrate) and the associated microbial compartment (biomass, respiratory activity, and hydrolytic activity) at a centimetre scale in heterogeneous (gravel and sand) sediments. The results indicated that slow filtration columns recreated properly the aerobic-anaerobic gradient classically observed in the hyporheic zone. O2 and NO3- consumptions (256 +/- 13 microg of O2 per hour and 14.6 +/- 6.1 microg of N-NO3- per hour) measured in columns were in the range of values measured in different river sediments. Slow filtration columns also reproduced the high heterogeneity of the hyporheic zone with the presence of anaerobic pockets in sediments where denitrification and fermentation processes occurred. The respiratory and hydrolytic activities of bacteria were strongly linked with the O2 consumption in the experimental system, highlighting the dominance of aerobic processes in our river sediments. In comparison with these activities, the bacterial biomass (protein content) integrated both aerobic and anaerobic processes and could be used as a global microbial indicator in our system. Finally, slow filtration columns are an appropriate tool to quantify in situ rates of biogeochemical processes and to determine the relationship between the microbial compartment and the physico-chemical environment in coarse river sediments.     

A nested online scheduling and nonlinear model predictive control framework for multi-product continuous systems

In the pursuit of integrated scheduling and control frameworks for chemical processes, it is important to develop accurate integrated models and computational strategies such that optimal decisions can be made in a dynamic environment. In this study, a recently developed switched system formulation that integrates scheduling and control decisions is extended to closed-loop operation embedded with nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). The resulting framework is a nested online scheduling and control loop that allows to obtain fast and accurate solutions as no model reduction is needed and no integer variables are involved in the formulations. In the outer loop, the integrated model is solved to calculate an optimal product switching sequence such that the process economics is optimized, whereas in the inner loop, an NMPC implements the scheduling decisions. The proposed scheme was tested on two multi-product continuous systems. Unexpected large disturbances and rush orders were handled effectively.     

煤制乙炔关键中间体BaC2合成的热力学分析

煤制电石(CaC₂)乙炔工艺在我国煤化工行业中占有重要地位。但其关键中间体CaC₂的工业生产过程具有反应温度高、能耗大、CO₂排放严重等问题,严重制约了电石及下游相关产业的发展。开发绿色环保的煤制电石替代工艺具有重要意义。本研究提出采用BaC₂替代CaC₂作为煤制乙炔工艺的关键中间体,从热力学角度分析了BaC₂合成反应体系的特点,并在1550℃进行了合成BaC₂的实验验证。结果表明,以BaC₂替代CaC₂为煤制乙炔的关键中间体、通过BaCO₃-BaC₂-Ba(OH)₂-BaCO₃的钡循环将碳和二氧化碳转化为乙炔和一氧化碳的新路线,具有反应温度低、零CO₂排放、联产CO、固废排放少等优点,可以为现代煤化工的绿色发展提供新的思路。     

流道布置对风冷燃料电池性能影响的研究

风冷燃料电池在无人机上应用具有较大的优势,但其仍然面临着性能低、水热管理复杂等问题。采用数值模拟研究了阴阳极流道顺流、逆流以及交叉流布置方式对风冷燃料电池性能的影响,讨论了各物理量之间的耦合机制。研究发现阴极流道布置对风冷燃料电池关键物理量分布影响显著,受水含量分布不均影响,交叉流布置催化层中电流密度呈现孤立点状分布,相较于顺流流道布置与逆流流道布置,交叉流流道布置具有较好的热管理特性,能够显著提高膜电极中水含量,继而提升风冷燃料电池性能,在0.6 V操作电压下,交叉流流道布置电流密度相比较顺流流道设计提升了约20%,此外研究还发现,环境相对湿度的降低会显著降低风冷燃料电池性能。     

Improved state space model predictive fault-tolerant control for injection molding batch processes with partial actuator faults using GA optimization

A novel model predictive fault-tolerant control (MPFTC) strategy adopting genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for batch processes under the case of disturbances and partial actuator faults. Based on the extended state space model in which the tracking error is contained, there are more degrees of freedom provided for the controller design and better control performance is obtained. In order to enhance the control performance further, the GA is introduced to optimize the relevant weighting matrices in the cost function. The effectiveness of the proposed MPFTC approach is tested on the injection velocity regulation of the injection molding process.     

环境中高氯酸盐的来源、水污染现状与处理工艺研究进展

高氯酸盐具有高稳定性、高水溶性、强氧化性和低挥发性,广泛应用于军工制造、航空航天与工业生产等领域。伴随着空气流动和水体迁移,越来越严重的高氯酸盐水体污染现象已在全球范围内引起广泛关注。有关高氯酸盐的来源、水体污染现状和治理工艺,国外已开展了较为全面的研究与调查,我国仍处于起步阶段,严重忽视高氯酸盐的环境污染问题,缺乏对其系统深入的处理工艺研究,更缺少相关环境质量标准与安全浓度限值。综述了高氯酸盐的来源、危害和水污染现状,分析了世界已有的高氯酸盐浓度限值标准,并重点总结了高氯酸盐处理工艺的研究进展,以期为我国高氯酸盐污染问题的深入研究和相关法律法规的制定提供借鉴与参考。     

Turning wine (waste) into water: Toward technological advances in the use of constructed wetlands for winery effluent treatment

The research presented in this article describes an investigation into the use of vegetated submerged reedbeds (VSR) as a practicable alternative for effluent treatment for small‐scale wine producers. In this study, we found that the hydraulic processes occurring within the VSR display significantly nonideal behavior. If the feed to the VSR was located on the surface the dead volume accounted for approximately 25% of the nonideal behavior of the system and bypass accounted for a further 6%. A preferential flow pattern was found within the VSR with the greatest flow occurring closest the surface and in the center, and the least at the sidewalls. We propose that the flow profile can be conceptualized as being hull shaped and found that this profile was the same for irregularly shaped gravel and for spherically shaped gelatinous beads. We, therefore, hypothesize that it is not dependent on the geometry of the VSR or the packing medium. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 420–431, 2014     

Role of activated carbon on micropollutans degradation by ionizing radiation

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the presence of activated carbon on the degradation of the triiodinated contrast medium diatrizoate (DTZ) by the simultaneous use of gamma radiation and activated carbon. Four commercial activated carbons (Ceca, Witco, Sorbo, and Merck) with different textural and chemical characteristics were used for this purpose. The percentage DTZ removal obtained was considerably higher with the gamma radiation/activated carbon (GM/AC) system than with radiolysis in the absence of activated carbon, and it depended on the specific activated carbon employed. First, we optimized the amount of activated carbon required to maximize the amount of DTZ removed by the GM/AC system (0.06 g). The degradation constants were higher with the GM/AC system than with radiolysis alone, evidencing a synergic effect that favors pollutant removal. This synergic effect is independent of the textural but not the chemical characteristics of the activated carbon, observing a higher synergic activity for carbons with a higher surface content of oxygen, specifically quinone groups. We also highlight that the synergic effect of the activated carbon requires adsorbent–adsorbate electrostatic interaction and is absent when this interaction is hindered.